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ICMP is Internet Control Message Protocol, a network layer protocol of the TCP/IP suite used by hosts and gateways to send notification of datagram problems back to the sender.

One of two sublayers of the data link layer of OSI reference model, as defined by the IEEE 802 standard. This sublayer is responsible for maintaining the link between computers when they are sending data across the physical network connection.

In a baseband transmission, the entire bandwidth of the cable is consumed by a single signal. In broadband transmission, signals are sent on multiple frequencies, allowing multiple signals to be sent simultaneously.

A network in which there are multiple network links between computers to provide multiple paths for data to travel.

Digital signals are aperiodic.so instead of using period and frequency we use bit interval and bit rate respectively.Bit interval is the time required to send one single bit.Bit rate is the number of bit intervals per second.